Background: Caustic substance ingestion is known for causing a wide array of gastrointestinal and systemic complications. In Russia, ingestion of ACETIC ACID is a major problem which annually affects 11.2 per 100,000 individuals. The objective of this study was to report and analyze main complications and outcomes of patients with 70% concentrated ACETIC ACID poisoning.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with ACETIC ACID ingestion who were treated at Sverdlovsk Regional Poisoning Treatment Center during 2006 to 2012. GI mucosal injury of each patient was assessed with endoscopy according to Zargar's scale. Data analysis was performed to analyze the predictors of stricture formation and mortality.Results: A total of 400 patients with median age of 47 yr were included. GI injury grade I was found in 66 cases (16.5%), IIa in 117 (29.3%), IIb in 120 (30%), IIIa in 27 (16.7%) and IIIb in 70 (17.5%).11% of patients developed strictures and overall mortality rate was 21%. Main complications were hemolysis (55%), renal injury (35%), pneumonia (27%) and bleeding during the first 3 days (27%). Predictors of mortality were age 60 to 79 years, grade IIIa and IIIb of GI injury, pneumonia, stages “I”, “F” and “L” of kidney damage according to the RIFLE scale and administration of prednisolone. Predictors of stricture formation were ingestion of over 100 mL of ACETIC ACID and grade IIb and IIIa of GI injury.Conclusion: Highly concentrated ACETIC ACID is still frequently ingested in Russia with a high mortality rate. Patients with higher grades of GI injury, pneumonia, renal injury and higher amount of ACID ingested should be more carefully monitored as they are more susceptible to develop fatal consequences.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the destructive effects of citric ACID, lactic ACID and ACETIC ACID produced from the fermentation of foods on primary teeth enamel.Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 24 sound primary teeth. The teeth were polished with a fine abrasive paper under running water. Tooth pieces measuring 3×4×3mm were cut out of the teeth and stored in 100% humidity until the experiment. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=8) and immersed in ACETIC ACID, citric ACID and lactic ACID, respectively. The enamel microhardness of specimens was measured by Vickers microhardness tester at baseline and 5 and 30min after immersion in the freshly prepared ACID solutions.Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the effect of immersion time on microhardness was significant (p<0.001). Pairwise comparison among 0, 5 and 30 minutes time points using Bonferroni adjustment showed significant differences in microhardness at different time points (p<0.001). Evaluation of the effect of type of ACID on microhardness revealed that the microhardness was not significantly different in the three groups of ACIDs (p=0.915). Among the three understudy ACIDs, only the reduction in microhardness from time 0 to 30 minutes was significantly different between lactic ACID and ACETIC ACID (p=0.042).Conclusion: Citric ACID, lactic ACID and ACETIC ACID were all capable of demineralization and reduction of enamel microhardness. A significant difference existed in the demineralization potential of ACIDs (the highest for lactic ACID). However, this effect was more significant early after exposure.